DOC《Book 5》

宽阔大街'

的自来水管附近(特别是16,37,38 和40号).他也注意到有些房子(例如是宽阔大街20 和21号,剑桥大街8和9号)并没有发生死亡.他没有预料到这一点,所以他做了进一步的调查.他发现住在剑桥大街7号的人们在酒吧里工作.他们可以有免费的啤酒所以并没有从自来水管里喝水.似乎自来水是疾病的源头. 接下来,约翰斯诺寻找了这两条大街的水源.他发现自来水来自一条被伦敦的脏水所污染的河流.他立即让宽阔大街上吃惊的人们将开关从水管上移走.很快疾病的传播慢了下来.他显示了霍乱是透过细菌而不是空气传播的. 在伦敦的另一部分,他从另外两宗和宽阔大街爆发有关的死亡中发现了支持证据.一个从宽阔大街搬走的女人因为喜欢宽阔大街的水所以每天从宽阔大街的自来水管中取水.她和她的女儿在饮用自来水之后死于霍乱.有了这一个额外的证据约翰斯诺可以肯定的宣布受污染的水带有病毒. 为了防止疾病再次爆发,约翰斯诺建议应当检查所有自来水的来源.自来水公司不可以让人们饮用来自守污染的河里的水.最后'

霍乱王'

被打败了. COPERNICUS'

REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY ??????? Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system. ????? ? The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it. ?????? ?Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do that. So between

1510 and

1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete. In

1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543. Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God'

s idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus'

theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking. PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY? ??????? People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history. ?????? ?First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to Great Britain . Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack. ??????? To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup! England is th........