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后端机则负责处理由前端机转发而来的用户数据包并直接回应用户,具体包括建立/拆除与用户的TCP连接、TCP连接转交以及提供URL内容等工作. 定义继承反常现象 本节是对上述观点的形式化描述,可与第2.2节对照阅读.范畴论的观点层次较高,易于抽象出问题的本质. 与程序P在F下运行等价的错误影响程序PF有 解释继承反常现象 例1:在谈到顺序面向对象语言时,一般不涉及继承反常现象.这是因为,这类语言L都默认一个特殊的subtyping关系p(由RL定义的完整inheritance层次关系被默认为相应于p的渐增式继承关系),它对应的Type范畴记为TL,满足:CL实现TL,实现函子为F:(A(A(ob CL(FA(type(A)).L无p-继承反常.因为顺序面向对象语言不提供定义subtyping关系的机制,所以这种默认的subtyping关系是语言中惟一的subtyping关系,这些语言L无继承反常. 结束语 本文形式地给出了"继承反常现象"的一种一般性定义.定义对每一种Subtyping关系都有其相对应的"渐增式继承",使其更具有普适性.文中"渐增式继承"是一个相对的概念,这有助于对人们"使继承反常现象得到缓解"的努力得以分类和评价. 致谢 在此,我们向对本文的工作给予支持和建议的同行,尤其是北京大学计算机科学技术系袁崇义教授、屈婉玲教授领导的讨论班上的同学和老师表示感谢. References: Clifton C, Leavens GT, Chambers C, Millstein T. MultiJava: modular open classes and symmetric multiple dispatch for Java. ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 2000,35(10):130-145. Wegner P, Zdonik SB. Inheritance as an incremental modification mechanism or what like is and isn't like. In: Gjessing S, Nygaard K, eds. Proc. of the ECOOP'88. LNCS 322, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1988. 55-77. Waxman BM. Routing of multipoint connections. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1988,6(9):1617-1622. Yonezawa A. ABCL: An Object-Oriented Concurrent System. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990. Matsuoka S, Yonezawa A. Analysis of inheritance anomaly in object-oriented concurrent programming languages. In: Agha G, Wegner P, Yonezawa A, eds. Research Directions in Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993. 107-150. Hemige V. Object-Oriented design of the groupware layer for the ecosystem information system [MS. Thesis]. University of Montana, 1995. Rose A, Perez M, Clements P. Modechart toolset user's guide. Technical Report, NML/MRL/5540-94-7427, Austin: University of Texas at Austin, 1994. Keene SE. A Programmer's Guide to Object-Oriented Programming in Common LISP. Boston: Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., 1988. Guo L, Tang ZS. Specification and verification of the triple-modular redundancy fault-tolerant system. Journal of Software, 2003,14(1):28~35 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.jos.org.cn/1000-9825/14/28.htm Schutze, H. Dimensions of meaning. In: Whitelock P, ed. Proc. of the Supercomputing'92. Los Alamitos, 1992. 787~796. ftp://parcftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/qca/papers/ Wang XW. Research on quality-of-service management and group communication mechanisms in distributed multimedia systems [Ph.D. Thesis]. Shenyang: Northeastern University,
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