PDF《Compliance》

12 Additional Provisions ? Manufacturer sales- weighted average (corporate average) ? Credit banking (5-year carryforward, 3-year carryback) ? Technology-specific credit opportunities C Air conditioning efficiency and refrigerant C Off-cycle technologies: LED lights, idle stop-start, etc. 其他规定 ? 制造商销售加权平均值 (公司平均值) ? 累积信用额度(5年延用, 3年偿还) ? 可获取特殊技术信用额 度C空调效率和制冷剂 C 工况外 技术:LED照明,怠速自动熄火/启动, 等等

13 Topics ? Key CA policy factors ? Existing GHG standards ? Technical basis for standards ? Compliance policy 主题 ? 加州关键的政策因素 ? 现有温室气体排放标准 ? 排放标准的技术依据 ? 监管政策 Roadmap to Setting Standards ? Air quality need for lower standards ? Authority to adopt standards ? Accurate inventory model to assess impacts/benefits from cars ? Technology feasibility assessment ? Cost-effectiveness assessment ? Adoption of standards

14 ? 空气质量需求 ? 获取制定法规的授权 ? 精确的排放清单模型以评 估减排的影响与获益 ? 技术可行性评估 ? 成本效益评估 ? 颁布排放标准 制定排放标准的流程 Inventory Modeling ? Computer model to calculate emissions C How many and what type of vehicles C How they are operated C Emission rates ? Estimates benefits from future standards ? Updated every few years C New emission data, vehicle inventory and usage data

15 排放清单模型 ? 利用计算机模型计算排放量 C 车辆数量与类型 C 车辆使用情况 C 排放率 ? 估计执行未来排放标准的收 益?每若干年更新 C 新的排放数据,车辆清单,和 使用数据 EMFAC for California (http://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/msei.htm) MOVES for U.S. EPA (http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/) ? Air quality need for lower standards ? Authority to adopt standards ? Accurate inventory model to assess impacts/benefits from cars ? Technology feasibility assessment ? Cost-effectiveness assessment ? Adoption of standards

16 ? 对于更低标准的空气质量 需求 ? 采纳排放标准的权限 ? 精确的排放清单模型来评 估对汽车的影响与获益 ? 技术可行性评估 ? 成本效益评估 ? 采纳排放标准 Roadmap to Setting Standards 制定排放标准的路线图 Technical Feasibility ? ARB has substantial in-house vehicle emission control expertise C But, GHG reduction technologies slightly different ? Developed additional in-house expertise C Research (technical papers, conferences) C Discussions (manufacturers, suppliers) ? Contracted out with engineering companies/consultants C Fill gaps in knowledge C Use firms also used by manufacturers to ensure credibility of technical work

17 ? ARB自身拥有丰富的车辆排 放监控的专业能力 C 但是,温室气体减排技术略 有不同 ? 扩展自身的专业技能 C 科研(技术论文和会议) C 讨论(制造商和供应商) ? 承包给工程和咨询公司 C 填补知识空缺 C 使用制造商雇用的公司来确 保技术工作质量 技术可行性 Examples of Contract Work ? Powertrain technology modeling C Model predicts effect of various combinations of technology (e.g., turbo-charging and downsizing) C Model derived from lab testing C Often same model used by manufacturers C Ex: Ricardo, FEV ? Vehicle Lightweighting C Engineering firms used to redesign vehicles using lighter materials C Detailed results including component comparisons, weight savings, manufacturing changes, cost impacts, and simulated crash testing results C Final reports included peer review C Ex.: Lotus, EDAG