PDF《Compliance》

18 承包工作的例子 ? 车辆驱动技术模型 C 模型预测各种技术集成的影 响(比如涡轮增压和功率优 化) C 模型源于实验室测试 C 制造商经常使用相同的模型 ? 车辆减重 C 工程公司通常重新设计车辆 使用轻型材料 C 详细的结果包括元件比较, 重量减轻,制造变化,成本 影响,和模拟撞击测试结果 C 最终报告经同行审查 Cost Assessments ? Goal: Accurately project costs for manufacturers C Including ultimate costs to consumer ? Approach: C Detailed discussions with manufacturers, suppliers C Contracted with firms that specialize in tear-down reports ? Disassemble existing components and detail materials, costs, manufacturing processes, etc. C Projections of future costs considering improvements from high volume production, learning/evolution of designs

19 成本评估 ? 目标:精确地预测制造 商成本 C 包括对于消费者的最终 成本 ? 方法: C 与制造商和供应商详细 讨论 C 承包给专长于分解报告 的公司 ? 分解现有的组件以及 详述材料,成本,制 造过程,等等 C 考虑大规模生产和设计 学习/演变带来的改善 进步,从而预测未来的 成本 Cost Assessments (cont.) ? Included non-component costs: C Design, calibration, manufacturing, warranty ? Analyze costs to consumers C Increased retail price of new car C Annual/lifetime savings from reduced fuel consumption ? Analyze economic impacts to society C Impacts on jobs, taxes, due to increased vehicle prices, reduced fuel consumption, etc. ? Cost estimates often highly debated

20 成本评估(续) ? 包括非组件成本 C 设计,校准,制造,保修 ? 分析消费者的花费 C 增加新车的零售价 C 由燃油消耗减少带来的每年/终 生资金节余 ? 分析对社会的经济影响 C 车辆提价,燃油消耗减少等等 对于工作,税收的影响 ? 成本评估通常辩论激烈 Fleet Analysis ? Created a baseline fleet C Identified all vehicles/models available, sales numbers, and existing technology ? Selected a potential future standard ? Incrementally added technology packages to baseline vehicles until fleet met the potential standard ? Assessed the benefits and costs C Incremental increased cost of new car vs. fuel savings for consumer ? Repeated to analyze standards varying from 3-6% reductions per year C Find maximum level that is feasible and cost-effective

21 车队分析 ? 创建一个基准车队 C 确认所有可获车辆/模型,销售 数目,和现有技术 ? 选择一个潜在的未来标准 ? 逐步向基准车辆添加技术元件 直到样本达到潜在标准 ? 评估效益和成本 C 新车成本增加和消费者的燃油 节省的比较 ? 重复以上步骤来评估每年3-6% 的减排变化 C 找到可行的以及符合成本效益 的最大减排量

22 Projected Technologies ? Primari........