DOC《参考译文：》

s research showed that such traits as lack of self-control and fear of losing what you already have can cause people to make bad short-term decisions. One of those, Thaler noted, was keeping stock shares that have lost value or selling them too soon when they have gained value. Thaler helped develop the nudge theory. It is the idea that small incentives can influence people to make good decisions. He said people should be permitted to make their own choices, but society should actively try to guide individuals in the right direction. Cass Sunstein and Thaler wrote about the idea in the

2008 book Nudge. The theory has been used by political candidates as they work to influence voters and government officials seeking to make changes in society. Other areas also interested Thaler. He studied fairness. He found that people can accept increasing prices if the costs of many things are going up. But he found that they strongly disapprove of companies that raise prices simply because of high demand for one product. Bloomberg called Thaler'

s Nobel Prize a reward for

40 years of work spent studying human bias and temptation. Thaler is considered one of the first behavioral economists. His field, once criticized, has grown in popularity among economists over the last

10 years. The economist even briefly appeared in the

2010 movie, The Big Short, about the global financial crisis. Thaler is a professor of behavioral science and economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. The economics prize was created in

1968 in memory of Alfred Nobel after his death. Since then,

79 individuals have received the prize. The first woman winner was Elinor Ostrom in 2009. American have received about half of the Nobel Prizes for economics. I'

m Mario Ritter. Words in This Story irrational C adj. not rational, not based on good judgment or reason consequences C n. the results of an action preferences C n. things that are liked or preferred more than others account C n. a record of money paid, owed or received incentives C n. reasons to do something bias C n. believing in one side of an idea at the expense of the other temptation C adj. the desire to have something ........