PDF《FOREWORD》

1,000 mg/L could be determined, respectively. The acute toxicity (EC50) for the invertebrate species D. magna was found to be

349 mg/L after

48 h of exposure, In a 21d Daphnia reproduction test, a 21d NOEC (reproduction) of 30.2 mg/l was obtained. For the freshwater algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata an Er(b)C50 (72h) of >

1,000 mg/L could be determined. Exposure The world production of choline chloride in the year

2002 was in the range of10,000 to 50,000 tons. At the European production sites choline chloride is produced under pressure and room temperature by reaction of trimethylammonium chloride with ethylene oxide in closed systems. Exposure may occur during manufacture, transportation and industrial use. The likely primary routes of human exposure to choline chloride are skin contact and inhalation at the work place. Worker exposure is limited by enclosed systems, industrial hygiene controls and personal protective measures are adequate. Choline chloride has a widespread use as a food additive for animal husbandry since the early 1930s. For this application area almost 100% of the produced choline chloride is either premixed as solid and then directly mixed with animal feed or marketed as a fluid compound to the customers and directly released into special installed mixing apparatus. A very small amount of the choline chloride production is used for formulations in the field of plant growth regulators. In general the following formulations are used for commercial applications: Bulk, in solution (up to 70%), on vegetable carriers, on amorphous silica carriers. RECOMMENDATION AND RATIONALE FOR THE RECOMMENDATION AND NATURE OF FURTHER WORK RECOMMENDED The chemical is currently of low priority for further work due to its low hazard profile. OECD SID........