PDF《Methane Emission》

1 Methane Emission Measurement Techniques 甲烷排放测量技术 Methane To Markets Partnership International Workshop C Oil &

Gas April

17 and 18,

2008 Qingdao, China

2 Why Quantify Emission Rates? 为何要量化排放速度 ? Justification for repair/control costs.

调整修理/控制费用 ? Prioritization and optimization of efforts? 对各种减排方案/计划进行优先排序和优化? ? Objective performance monitoring. 客观的动态监测 ? Potential to generate marketable GHG credits. 产生有市场价值的GHG信贷的潜力 Key Measurement Parameters: 关键测量参数 ? Temperature温度 ? Pressure压力 ? CH4 Concentration甲烷浓度 ? Volumetric Flow体积流量

3 4 Performance Requirements: 性能要求: ? Practical and safe to use in the field. 现场使用实用 且安全 ? Reasonable cost.费用合理 ? Readily available.现成的技术 ? Sufficient accuracy for economic evaluations (e.g., ±25% or better). 有足够精度,能满足经济评价 要求(如± 25%或更好) ? Greater accuracy for carbon credit projects (e.g., ± 15% or better).有更高的精度,能满足碳信贷项目要 求(如± 15%或更好)

5 Basic Options:基本选择方案 ? Measurements at the source.在排放源处进 行测量 ? Remote measurement techniques.远程测量 技术 ? Engineering Calculations.工程计算

6 Measurements at the Source 在排放源处进行测量 ? Typical Applications:典型应用 ?Equipment leaks, venting and flaring. 设备泄漏、放空和点火炬 ? Basic constraints:基本限制条件 ?Requires easy or supplied access to source.排放源 要求容易接近 ? Potential Issues:潜在问题 ?Safety concerns (H2S or relief events).安全问题(H2S 或放空事件) ?Backpressure limitations.回压限制 ?High or cold temperature surfaces.高温或低温表面 ?Fouling (e.g., condensing vapor or lube oil mist). 污垢(如冷凝蒸汽或润滑油雾)

7 Measurements at the Source 在排放源处进行测量 ? Methods:方法 ?Bagging装袋法 ? Time consuming and costly to apply.耗时、成本高 ? Applicable for small to moderate leak rates.适用于小到中等 泄漏量的测量 ?Hi-Flow Sampler大容量采样器 ? Convenient approach for smaller to medium sized leaks (e.g.,

8 to

10 scfm or $25,200 to $31,500/y at $6/mscf). 用于较小规模到中等规模泄漏量测量的简便方法(如8~10标准立方 英尺/分钟或25,200美元~31,500美元/年,6美元/标准立方英尺计算)

8 Measurements at the Source 在排放源处进行测量 ? Methods:方法 ?End-of-Pipe Capture &

Measurement Techniques 管线终端捕集&

测量技术 ? Calibrated Bag标准袋子 ? Full-flow flow meters.全流式流量计 ? Velocity Traverses速度导线测量 ?Inline Measurements在线测量 ? Velocity Traverses速度导线测量 ? Tracer Techniques示踪剂技术

9 HiFlow Sampler大容量采样器

10 ?Instrument ?仪?Leaking Valve Stem ? 阀?Air Flow ?

11 Remote Measurements:远程测量 ? Typical Applications:典型应用 ?Area and volume sources.面(泄漏)源和体(泄漏)源?Inaccessible or unsafe to access sources.接近泄漏 源不方便或不安全 ? Basic Constraints:基本限制 ?Generally more costly and complicated to use.通常 使用起来费用更高、更复杂 ? Potential Issues:潜在的问题 ?Weather dependent.测量与天气有关 ?Susceptible to interferences.易受干扰 ?Require suitable downwind access.需要有适当的顺风 ?Potentially reduced resolution and accuracy.可能降 低分辨率和精度

12 Remote Measurements:远程测量 ? Methods:方法 ?Tracer techniques:示踪剂技术 ? Pollutant-to-tracer ratio technique.污染物-示踪剂比例技术 ?Remote plume sensing methods.远程羽流检测方法 ? US EPA (2006): ORS Protocol光学远程检测协议文本 (www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/prelim/otm10.pdf). ? DIAL (ftp://public:[email protected]).差分吸收激 光雷达(differential absorption lidar) ? Back-calculation using atmospheric dispersion models and upwind/downwind monitoring data.利用大气污染扩散 模型和逆风/顺风监测数据反算 ? AIRDAR.(AIR Detection and Ranging空气探测和测距)