PDF《Basic燩rinciples爋n炉he燫ole爋f?》

Basic?Principles?on?the?Role?of?Lawyers? Adopted?by?the?Eighth?United?Nations?Congress?on?the?Prevention?of?Crime?and?the? Treatment?of?Offenders,?Havana,?Cuba,?27?August?to?7?September?1990? ? ? Whereas?in?the?Charter?of?the?United?Nations?the?peoples?of?the?world?affirm,?inter?alia,? their?determination?to?establish?conditions?under?which?justice?can?be?maintained,?and? proclaim?as?one?of?their?purposes?the?achievement?of?international?cooperation?in? promoting?and?encouraging?respect?for?human?rights?and?fundamental?freedoms?without? distinction?as?to?race,?sex,?language?or?religion,? ? Whereas?the?Universal?Declaration?of?Human?Rights?enshrines?the?principles?of?equality? before?the?law,?the?presumption?of?innocence,?the?right?to?a?fair?and?public?hearing?by?an? independent?and?impartial?tribunal,?and?all?the?guarantees?necessary?for?the?defence?of? everyone?charged?with?a?penal?offence,? ? Whereas?the?International?Covenant?on?Civil?and?Political?Rights?proclaims,?in?addition,?the? right?to?be?tried?without?undue?delay?and?the?right?to?a?fair?and?public?hearing?by?a? competent,?independent?and?impartial?tribunal?established?by?law,? ? Whereas?the?International?Covenant?on?Economic,?Social?and?Cultural?Rights?recalls?the? obligation?of?States?under?the?Charter?to?promote?universal?respect?for,?and?observance?of,? human?rights?and?freedoms,? ? Whereas?the?Body?of?Principles?for?the?Protection?of?All?Persons?under?Any?Form?of? Detention?or?Imprisonment?provides?that?a?detained?person?shall?be?entitled?to?have?the? assistance?of,?and?to?communicate?and?consult?with,?legal?counsel,? ? Whereas?the?Standard?Minimum?Rules?for?the?Treatment?of?Prisoners?recommend,?in? particular,?that?legal?assistance?and?confidential?communication?with?counsel?should?be? ensured?to?untried?prisoners,? ? Whereas?the?Safe?guards?guaranteeing?protection?of?those?facing?the?death?penalty?reaffirm? the?right?of?everyone?suspected?or?charged?with?a?crime?for?which?capital?punishment?may? be?imposed?to?adequate?legal?assistance?at?all?stages?of?the?proceedings,?in?accordance?with? article?14?of?the?International?Covenant?on?Civil?and?Political?Rights,? ? Whereas?the?Declaration?of?Basic?Principles?of?Justice?for?Victims?of?Crime?and?Abuse?of? Power?recommends?measures?to?be?taken?at?the?international?and?national?levels?to? improve?access?to?justice?and?fair?treatment,?restitution,?compensation?and?assistance?for? victims?of?crime,? ? Whereas?adequate?protection?of?the?human?rights?and?fundamental?freedoms?to?which?all? persons?are?entitled,?be?they?economic,?social?and?cultural,?or?civil?and?political,?requires? that?all?persons?have?effective?access?to?legal?services?provided?by?an?independent?legal? profession,? ? Whereas?professional?associations?of?lawyers?have?a?vital?role?to?play?in?upholding? professional?standards?and?ethics,?protecting?their?members?from?persecution?and?improper? restrictions?and?infringements,?providing?legal?services?to?all?in?need?of?them,?and? cooperating?with?governmental?and?other?institutions?in?furthering?the?ends?of?justice?and? public?interest,?The?Basic?Principles?on?the?Role?of?Lawyers,?set?forth?below,?which?have? been?formulated?to?assist?Member?States?in?their?task?of?promoting?and?ensuring?the?proper? role?of?lawyers,?should?be?respected?and?taken?into?account?by?Governments?within?the? framework?of?their?national?legislation?and?practice?and?should?be?brought?to?the?attention? of?lawyers?as?well?as?other?persons,?such?as?judges,?prosecutors,?members?of?the?executive? and?the?legislature,?and?the?public?in?general.

?These?principles?shall?also?apply,?as? appropriate,?to?persons?who?exercise?the?functions?of?lawyers?without?having?the?formal? status?of?lawyers.? ? Access?to?lawyers?and?legal?services? ? 1.?All?persons?are?entitled?to?call?upon?the?assistance?of?a?lawyer?of?their?choice?to?protect? and?establish?their?rights?and?to?defend?them?in?all?stages?of?criminal?proceedings.? ? 2.?Governments?shall?ensure?that?efficient?procedures?and?responsive?mechanisms?for? effective?and?equal?access?to?lawyers?are?provided?for?all?persons?within?their?territory?and? subject?to?their?jurisdiction,?without?distinction?of?any?kind,?such?as?discrimination?based?on? race,?colour,?ethnic?origin,?sex,?language,?religion,?political?or?other?opinion,?national?or? social?origin,?property,?birth,?economic?or?other?status.? ? 3.?Governments?shall?ensure?the?provision?of?sufficient?funding?and?other?resources?for?legal? services?to?the?poor?and,?as?necessary,?to?other?disadvantaged?persons.?Professional? associations?of?lawyers?shall?cooperate?in?the?organization?and?provision?of?services,?facilities? and?other?resources.? ? 4.?Governments?and?professional?associations?of?lawyers?shall?promote?programmes?to? inform?the?public?about?their?rights?and?duties?under?the?law?and?the?important?role?of? lawyers?in?protecting?their?fundamental?freedoms.?Special?attention?should?be?given?to? assisting?the?poor?and?other?disadvantaged?persons?so?as?to?enable?them?to?assert?their? rights?and?where?necessary?call?upon?the?assistance?of?lawyers.? ? Special?safeguards?in?criminal?justice?matters? ? 5.?Governments?shall?ensure?that?all?persons?are?immediately?informed?by?the?competent? authority?of?their?right?to?be?assisted?by?a?lawyer?of?their?own?choice?upon?arrest?or? detention?or?when?charged?with?a?criminal?offence.? ? 6.?Any?such?persons?who?do?not?have?a?lawyer?shall,?in?all?cases?in?which?the?interests?of? justice?so?require,?be?entitled?to?have?a?lawyer?of?experience?and?competence? commensurate?with?the?nature?of?the?offence?assigned?to?them?in?order?to?provide?effective? legal?assistance,?without?payment?by?them?if?they?lack?sufficient?means?to?pay?for?such? services.? ? 7.?Governments?shall?further?ensure?that?all?persons?arrested?or?detained,?with?or?without? criminal?charge,?shall?have?prompt?access?to?a?lawyer,?and?in?any?case?not?later?than?forty\ eight?hours?from?the?time?of?arrest?or?detention.?........