PDF《Index》

160 functions, 26-7 Effective stress, 39, 42, 43, 129, 131, 134,

160 functions, 26-7 Effective stress-strain curves, 27, 86,

131 effective stress-strain laws, 36-9, 48, 69, 131, 154, 157, 158,

160 Effective yielding tension relation,

41 Elastic deformation, xx, 1, 3-5, 22, 87-8,

102 Elastic limit,

3 Elastic modulus, xiii, 3, 11, 86, 94,

136 see also Young'

s modulus Elastic perfectly plastic sheet, bending, 85-7, 89-90, 93-4 combined with tension, 136-42 Elastic-plastic transition, 3-5, 91,

102 Elastic properties,

12 Elastic strain, 1, 3,

7 Elastic stress, 94-5 Elastic unloading, 1, 3-4, 12, 92-5, 102, 139,

142 Elongation, 2-8, 10, 65,

172 Empirical equations, 7-8, 12, 36-9 see also Power law Engineering stress-strain curve, 3-5, 6, 35, 36, 168,

171 Equilibrium conditions: bending, 84-5, 86, 89, 90-1,

98 combined with tension, 138-9, 145,

148 circular shells, 110-11, 113, 114-15 cylindrical deep drawing, 117-18, 126-7 hydroforming,

156 stamping, 49-51 wall ironing, 126-7 Equivalent stress,

26 Erichsen test,

79 Expansion: cylinders, 153-5, 159-60 holes, 112-13 Extension, 71-2,

147 load-extension diagrams, 2- 3, 12, 65-6 Extruded holes, xvi, 34-5 Fibres, 96-8, 137-8 Flanges, xiv-xvii, 34- 5, 36, 117-

22 Flaring, xvii, xviii, 108, 114-15 Flow rule, 22-4,

166 Flow stress, 17-18, 20, 22, 24-7, 33, 39-40 constant, 38-9, 89, 112,

121 cylindrical deep drawing, 119, 121, 122,

124 plane strain flow stress, 84, 89, 151, 162,

165 springback,

94 uniaxial,

86 Fluid pressure forming see Hydroforming;

Hydrostatic pressure Folding, xiv Force: bending, 84-5, 100-6,

144 circular shells, 110-12, 133-4 hydroforming, 160-1 load instability, 61-2 stamping, 51-2, 61-

2 tension, 31,

41 wall ironing, 126-7 Form rolls, 103-4 Forming: axisymmetric shell models, 111-12 constant thickness, 39, 40, 41, 159-61 cylinder to square section, xviii, xix, 152-3, 155-9, 161-3 effect of properties, 10-12 formability,

1 window, 74-5, 79-80 Forming Limit Curve (FLC), 70, 74-9, 130, 131,

159 Fracture, xiii, 11,

61 ductile, xiii-xiv, 76, 77, 79-80 Friction: bending, 104, 106, 145-6, 148-50 cylindrical deep drawing, 120-1, 122, 125-

7 hydroforming, 156-9, 160-1 shear stresses, 49-50 stamping, 45, 47, 49-50,

53 stretching of circular shells, 132-5 wall ironing, 125-7 Fully plastic moment, 88, 89, 93, 145,

162 Generalized yielding tension relation,

41 Global instability, 61, 62,

68 Grid circles, 70, 133, 171-2 Grooves, 72-5 Hardness, xiii, 12,

17 Hemispherical punches: hole expansion,

112 stretching, xv-xvi, 34-5, 79, 108, 132-5 Hemming, xiv,

103 High-pressure processes, xvii-xviii, 152-3, 159,

163 Holes: expansion, 112-13 extruded, xvi, 34-5 piercing, xiii, xvi Homogeneity, 11, 72, 74, 76-7 Hoop stress, 108, 110, 113-14, 118, 132-3, 154-60 Hot-dipped galvanized steels,

5 Hydroforming, xvii-xix, 152-63 constant thickness, 159-61 cylinders, 153-9 low-pressure, 161-

3 Hydrostatic axis, 166-7 Hydrostatic bulging, 113, 129-32, 154-5 circular diaphragm, 130-2 test, 13, 129-32 Hydrostatic pressure, 19, 113,

129 Hydrostatic stress, 19-20, 22-3,

130 Imperfections, 64-7, 70, 71, 72, 76-7 Incompressibility, 6, 15, 17, 20, 22-3, 96-7,

158 Inhomogeneity, 11, 72, 74, 76-7 Initial yielding, 2, 3, 11, 12, 73-4 Internal pressure, 153-5, 159-60 Ironing, xviii-xix, 125-7 Isotropic materials, 8, 15-16, 17, 21, 26-7, 40, 83-4, 86,

153 Large strain processes, xvii, 1, 159,

163 alternative definition, 168-75 hydrostatic bulging test,

130 proportional, 16, 26, 35-6, 41,