PDF《Part I. Spatial distribution》

Medit.

Mar. Sci., 11/2, 2010, 381-493

381 Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea by 2010. A contribution to the application of European Union'

s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Part I. Spatial distribution A. ZENETOS1 , S. GOFAS2 , M. VERLAQUE3 , M.E. CINAR4 , J.E. GARCI '

A RASO5 , C.N. BIANCHI6 , C. MORRI6 , E. AZZURRO7 , M. BILECENOGLU8 , C. FROGLIA9 , I. SIOKOU10 , D. VIOLANTI11 , A. SFRISO12 , G. SAN MART N13 , A. GIANGRANDE14 , T. KATA AN4 , E. BALLESTEROS15 , A. RAMOS-ESPLA '

16 , F. MASTROTOTARO17 , O. OCA A18 , A. ZINGONE19 , M.C. GAMBI19 and N. STREFTARIS10

1 Institute of Marine Biological Resources, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. Box 712,

19013 Anavissos, Hellas

2 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Ma '

laga, E-29071 Ma '

laga, Spain

3 UMR 6540, DIMAR, COM, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée, France

4 Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology,

35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

5 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Ma '

laga, E-29071 Ma '

laga, Spain

6 DipTeRis (Dipartimento per lo studio del Territorio e della sue Risorse), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26,

16132 Genova, Italy

7 Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC) Passeig Mar tim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain

8 Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts &

Sciences, Department of Biology,

09010 Aydin, Turkey

9 c\o CNR-ISMAR, Sede Ancona, Largo Fiera della Pesca,

60125 Ancona, Italy

10 Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. Box 712,

19013 Anavissos, Hellas

11 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Turin, via Valperga Caluso 35,

10125 Torino, Italy

12 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Venice, Calle Larga 2137,

30123 Venice, Italy

13 Departamento de Biolog a (Zoolog a), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Auto '

noma de Madrid, calle Darwin, 2,

28049 Madrid, Spain

14 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Lecce, Complesso Ecotekne, Via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni,

73100 Lecce, Italy

15 Centre d'

Estudis Avan? ats de Blanes (CSIC), Acc. Cala, Sant Francesc 14,

17300 Blanes, Girona, Spain

16 Centro de Investigacio '

n Marina de Santa Pola (CIMAR), Universidad de Alicante,

03130 Santa Pola, Alicante, Spain

17 Department of Biology, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4,

70125 Bari, Italy

18 Departamento Oceanograf a Biolo '

gica y Biodiversidad, Fundacio '

n Museo del Mar Muelle Can ~ onero Dato S/N 51001, Ceuta, Spain

19 Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale,

80121 Naples, Italy Corresponding author: [email protected] Review Article Mediterranean Marine Science Indexed in WoS (Web of Science, ISI Thomson) The journal is available on line at http://www.medit-mar-sc.net Introduction The Mediterranean Sea is one of the seas of the world most affected by biolog- ical invasions in terms of how long the invaders have been present (OCCHI- PINTI-AMBROGI, 2000;

STREFTARIS et al., 2005), in number of alien species detected (COSTELLO et al., 2010) and in the unprecedented rate of introduction (ZENETOS, 2009;

2010). Triggered by warming waters and a newly improved route through the Suez Canal, tropical/subtropical marine species, some very invasive, have progressively moved into the Mediterranean, disrupting ecosystem stability of the basin. In 1978, there were