编辑: 赵志强 | 2019-09-17 |
从事殡葬服务业近三十年,对於礼仪师的实务工作堪称t若指掌,但要将实 务经验与理论相结合比想像中困难多了.还好有很多长官、师长、学长、学姐的 不吝指导,同业、同学及家人的鼎力相助才能顺利完成.要感谢的人太多了,为 了避免遗漏所以以时间及对象为顺序,一一致上最虔诚的谢意. 感谢师长的指导及鼓励-----吴庶深老师鼓励投考南华生死所,林绮云老师、 曾焕棠老师及杨国柱老师提供国外文献,蔡汉贤老师、蔡昌雄老师、林本炫老师 指点论文方向,魏书娥老师指导访谈技巧,徐福全老师及慧开院长的全程指导, 永有老师、蔡明昌老师、龚卓军老师、李燕蕙老师、郑志明教授、黄明儒教授、 孙中兴教授、张 力教授、颜爱静教授、蔡源林所长提供宝贵的意见,黄素霞主 任、系办吕玉枝小姐的鼓励. 感谢全体参与研究者-----政府主管官员黄副司长丽馨女士、郑课长英弘先 生、林课长亮生先生、林副处长世崇先生、李所长汪庆先生、孙所长镇寰先生、 刘馆长光揆先生及加拿大、新加坡、香港、大陆及全省各地参与研究的同业先进 及众多的丧亲家属们. 感激各界好友帮忙邀约访谈对象-----中华民国葬仪商业同业公会全国联合 会秘书长林明河先生、秘书郭慧娟小姐,苏家兴主任、杨月秋同学、简政轩同学、 黄文荣同学、吴秋燕同学、及新加坡侨领方震群小姐、好友张振华先生. 感谢前辈提供资料----李慧仁学姐、陈姿吟学姐、罗佩瑜学姐、张誉薰学姐、 陈川青学长、何婉乔同学、梅慧敏同学、舒曼姝同学、卢碧珍同学提供个人论文 及有关资料. 感激家人帮忙整理资料---感谢长子宇翔帮忙借阅书籍、参与讨论,贤侄笠帏 帮忙绘制
图表,贤妻富美帮忙打字、整理资料. 最后再次感谢指导教授徐福全老师及慧开院长的鼓励及指导 谨将此文献给 先父母及所有关心我的人 陈继成 合十 2003.6.17 论文摘要这是国内
第一篇以殡葬「礼仪师」为研究对象的论文,主要目的是企图为台 湾现代殡葬「礼仪师」的角色作定位,使社会大众对「礼仪师」有正确的认识, 俾提升「礼仪师」的社会地位,并为未来的「礼仪师」证照考试及「礼仪师」培 训课程规划提供参考. 本论文研究过程如下:
一、首先以「礼仪师」在国内外历史脉络的演变中,为现代「礼仪师」定义,并 充实其涵盖的内容.
二、藉由角色理论的应用,尝试以文献分析、参与观察与深入访谈的研究方式, 对「礼仪师」的角色进行探讨.
三、研究西方与我国「礼仪师」的实际工作内容,并配合「礼仪师」本身、丧亲 家属与主管机关对於「礼仪师」所扮演的角色期待,为我国现代殡葬「礼仪 师」作角色之定位.
四、最后探讨台湾目前殡葬「礼仪师」的养成教育现况. 本研究发现,台湾现代的殡葬「礼仪师」的工作内容与西方先进国家的 「Funeral Director」大致相同,负责承办从临终咨商到后续关怀所有的「治丧事 宜」 .而与西方「礼仪师」最大的差别,在於我国「礼仪师」须对传统殡葬礼俗 深入t解并肩负诠释及指导家属遵行仪节的责任,与西方人以宗教主导丧礼的文 化是全然不同的,他们的「礼仪师」在丧葬仪节上只是扮演协助宗教师的角色. 我国 「礼仪师」 的角色是奠基於对殡葬礼俗及仪节的t解,藉此将 「礼仪师」 所扮演的角色扩张到社会、心理与教育的层面. 「礼仪师」在指导殡葬仪节的同 时,一方面,代表了中国传统伦理价值的传承;
另一方面,也代表了「礼仪师」 , 所象徵的文化意义. 台湾「礼仪师」的养成,因为缺乏正规的学校教育,o能采取传统师徒制或 短期研习班的方式,这对於政府希望以实施礼仪师证照制度来达到专业化的预期 目标,仍存在著很大的落差. 因此,根狙芯拷峁ㄒ楣诖笱Ь】焐枇㈤朐嵫,以便在正规教育的 体系下培育高素质的「礼仪师」 ,在高职设礼仪科培育司仪、襄仪、遗体防腐、 美容等「礼仪士」 .另外,在相关领域的研究所招考具实务经验的学生,以培训 殡葬科系的师资,这样才能全面提N殡葬从业人员的素质与服务水平. 关键字:礼仪师、角色、丧礼、殡葬、死亡、临终关怀、悲伤辅导 SUMMARY This is the first academic thesis that focuses on the study of funeral director in Taiwan with an attempt to identify the role of funeral director in modern society and to provide the public with a better understanding of those who perform their duties in the last rites. Hopefully, this research would not only help enhance the social status of funeral director but also pave the way for the implementation of certification and training courses of funeral director in the future. The theme is being approached according to the following steps: 1. To pin point the definition of a funeral director in modern world by researching the history of funeral service in Taiwan and in other countries. 2. To explore the role of funeral director through reference analysis, on-the-site observation and field interviews. 3. To compare the work of funeral directors both in Taiwan and in the western world. To identify the role of modern funeral director in Taiwan by conducting discussions with funeral directors, the bereaved and authorities concerned and by analyzing their expectation of what a funeral director should be. 4. To probe the issue of how current funeral directors are being trained in Taiwan. This research indicates that the work performed by funeral directors in Taiwan, including consultation and follow-up services, is almost identical with that performed by funeral directors in western countries. However, difference exists as far as culture is concerned. Religion definitely plays an important role in the western funeral, which is why the funeral director functions to facilitate the ongoing of religious rites. In Taiwan, the funeral director must possess a full understanding of funeral tradition and custom because he is expected to carry out the duty of interpreting the rites and directing the bereaved during the rites. The role of funeral director in Taiwan is based on the understanding of funeral tradition and custom. Consequently, this role is being expanded and elevated toward a social, psychological and educational level. While directing during the progress of the rite, the funeral director is in fact the one that signifies both the inheritance and bequeath of traditional ethical values at the same time. The cultural significance is, therefore, fully demonstrated. Due to the deficiency in regular education, the funeral director in Taiwan can only be cultivated through apprenticeship or short-term courses. There is still a long way to go before a professional certification system could be established by the government. According to the findings of this research, there are several ways to improve the quality and service of the funeral industry. First of all, it is imperative for the universities of Taiwan to establish department of funeral services for the purpose of cultivating high-quality funeral directors. Vocational schools might set up special sections of learning where students can be trained to become assistants to funeral director. In the meantime, teacher training courses offered by graduate schools would aim to recruit those who have experience in the industry. Key terms: funeral director, role, funeral, interment, death, deathbed solicitude, grief relief 目录
第一章 绪论
第一节 研究动机与目的…1
第二节 研究背景…3
第三节 名词界定…4
第四节 预期结果…5
第二章 研究设计
第一节 研究问题…8
第二节 研究架构…10
第三节 研究流程…11
第四节 研究方法…12
第五节 研究对象…14
第六节 研究限制…16
第三章 中外礼仪师相关文献之探讨
第一节 礼仪师的定义
17
第二节 我国礼仪师的历史脉络…21
第三节 西方礼仪师的历史脉络…34
第四节 现代西方礼仪师实际工作内容…40
第四章 台湾礼仪师的工作现况
第一节 台湾礼仪师之工作职场.62
第二节 台湾礼仪师的实际工作内容…68
第三节 台湾礼仪师之教育训练…112
第五章 现代礼仪师的角色期许
第一节 角色理论…118
第二节 西方礼仪师的角色…125
第三节 台湾礼仪师的角色期许…129
第六章 结论与建议
第一节 台湾礼仪师的过去 、 现在与未来
151
第二节 台湾现代礼仪师的角色定位…153
第三节 建议…155 参考书目…159 附录一 礼仪师之访谈大纲…173 附录二 丧亲家属之访谈大纲…174 附录三 政府主管单位职工之访谈纲…175 附录四 访谈同意书…176 附录五 访谈实录举隅…177 附录六 全国各县市殡葬服务业之资本额分析…182 附录七「诺那x........