PDF《PINACEAE》

Flora of China 4: 11C52.

1999. PINACEAE 松科 song ke Fu Liguo (傅立国 Fu Li-kuo)1 , Li Nan (李楠)2 ;

Robert R. Mill3 Trees or rarely shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, monoecious. Branchlets often dimorphic: long branchlets with clearly spirally arranged, sometimes scalelike leaves;

short branchlets often reduced to slow growing lateral spurs bearing dense clusters of leaves at apex. Leaves solitary or in bundles of (1 or)2C5(C8) when basally subtended by a leaf sheath;

leaf blade linear or needlelike, not decurrent. Cones unisexual. Pollen cones solitary or clustered, with numerous spirally arranged microsporophylls;

microsporophyll with

2 microsporangia;

pollen usually 2-saccate (nonsaccate in Cedrus, Larix, Pseudotsuga, and most species of Tsuga). Seed cones erect or pendulous, maturing in 1st, 2nd, or occasionally 3rd year, dehiscent or occasionally indehiscent, with many spirally arranged ovulate scales and bracts;

ovulate scales usually smaller than bracts at pollination, with

2 upright ovules adaxially, free or only basally adnate with bracts, maturing into seed scales. Seed scales appressed, woody or leathery, variable in shape and size, with

2 seeds adaxially, persistent or deciduous after cone maturity. Bracts free or adnate basally with seed scales, well developed or rudimentary, exserted or included. Seeds terminally winged (except in some species of Pinus). Cotyledons 2C18. Germination hypogeal or epigeal. 2n = 24* (almost always). Ten or eleven genera and ca.

235 species: N hemisphere;

ten genera (two endemic) and

108 species (43 endemic,

24 introduced) in China. Species of the Pinaceae are among the most valuable and commercially important plants in the world. Most species are trees, and are often excellent sources of lumber, wood products, and resins;

many are cultivated for afforestation and as ornamentals. Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo, Law Yu-wu, Fu Shu-hsia, Wang Wen-tsai, Chu Cheng-de, Chao Chi-son &

Chen Chia-jui. 1978. Pinaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün &

Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 32C281. 1a. Leaves evergreen, needlelike, 2C5(C7) per bundle, terminal on very short branchlets, base enclosed by sheath;

seed cones maturing in 2nd or 3rd year;

seed scales woody, thickened, apex differentiated into apophysis and umbo 1. Pinus 1b. Leaves evergreen or deciduous, linear or needlelike, spirally arranged or in a cluster at apex of short branchlets, not in bundles;

seed cones maturing in 1st year (except in Cedrus);

seed scales thin, woody or leathery, without apophysis and umbo. 2a. Lateral short branchlets present, very clearly defined, with dense bundles of many leaves. 3a. Leaves evergreen, needlelike, usually triangular or ± quadrangular in cross section, stiff;

seed cones maturing in 2nd(or 3rd) year 10. Cedrus 3b. Leaves deciduous, linear-needlelike or narrowly oblanceolate-linear, flattened, flexible;

seed cones maturing in 1st year. 4a. Pollen cones solitary;

seed scales thin, ± leathery, persistent after maturity;

leaves ca. 1.8 mm wide 3. Larix 4b. Pollen cones clustered;

seed scales thick, woody, shed after maturity;

leaves 1.5C4 mm wide 7. Pseudolarix 2b. Lateral short branchlets absent, or poorly defined (in Cathaya), with leaves all solitary, never in bundles (though in Cathaya partly so dense as to appear bundled). 5a. Branchlets opposite, with orbicular leaf scars;

seed cones erect;

seed scales deciduous at maturity, with cone rachis persistent 9. Abies 5b. Branchlets irregularly alternate, leaf scars often elliptic or on peglike projections (pulvini);