编辑: kr9梯 | 2019-07-04 |
9 2
1 ① 关于深度学习算法的相关问题,参见: Geoffrey E. Hinton,Simon Osindero and Yee- Whye Teh, A Fast Learning Algorithm for Deep Belief Nets ,Neural Computation,Vol. 18,No. 7,July 2006,pp. 1527- 1554;
Pedro Domingos,The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World,Basic Books,2015;
Yoshua Bengio,Pascal Lamblin,Dan Popovici,Hugo Larochelle and Greedy LayerWise , Training of Deep Networks ,in J. Platt,et al. ,eds.,Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems ( NIPS 2006) ,MIT Press,2007,pp. 153- 160;
Marc'
Aurelio Ranzato,Christopher Poultney,Sumit Chopra and Yann LeCun , Efficient Learning of Sparse Representations with an Energy- Based Model ,in J. Platt,et al.,eds.,Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems ( NIPS 2006) ,pp. 1137-
1144 ;
〔美〕 伊恩・古德费洛 、〔加〕 约书亚・本吉奥 、〔美〕 亚伦・库维尔 : 《深度学习》 ,赵申剑等译,人民邮电 出版社,2017 年. 外交评论
2018 年第1期20 世纪
80 年代末至
90 年代初,部分美国和西方学者就初步探索了人工 智能技术对于国际关系领域的影响,但囿于当时人工智能的技术水平,这种 讨论并未在学科内部获得广泛关注,相关研究主要集中于如何利用人工智能 开展数据库建设或进行辅助决策,而对于国际关系的本原性问题涉及较少. 近两年来,随着人工智能技术的飞速进步,相关研究开始呈现出明显的增长 态势. ① 我国社会科学界对于人工智能问题关注较晚,早期对于人工智能的 思考多出现于哲学和经济学领域.近两年来,部分学者在推动探索国际关系 领域的预测问题时开始涉及相关问题,但直接以人工智能与国际关系问题为 目标的研究成果尚未出现. ② 基于此,本文将以即将到来的弱人工智能时代的基本特征为出发点,尝 试分析当前人工智能技术对于国际关系领域产生的直接影响、系统性的间接 影响以及对于国际关系理念的长期影响,努力勾勒在弱人工智能时代国际体 系要素变革的宏观图景.除此之外,笔者也希望对该问题的初步研究能够抛 砖引玉,唤起更多国际关系研究者对这一重要问题的关注,在人工智能的发 展史上留下中国国际关系学者的思想印记.
0 3
1 ① ② 关于人工智能与国际关系的研究参见: Stephen J. Cimbala,ed.,Artificial Intelligence and Nation- al Security,Lexington Books,1987;
Allan M. Din,ed.,Arms and Artificial Intelligence: Weapon and Arms Control Applications of Advanced Computing,Oxford University Press, 1988;
Valerie M. Hudson,ed.,Artificial Intelligence and International Politics,Westview Press, 1991;
Ennals Richard,Artificial Intelligence and Human Institutions,Springer- Verlag,1991;
George F. Luger,Artificial Intelligence,Structures and Strategies for Com- plex Problem Solving,Addison- Wesley,2005;
Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew Mcfee,The Second Machine Age: Work,Progress,and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies,Norton,2014;
Martin Ford,Rise of the Ro- bots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future,Basic Books, 2015;
Jerry Kaplan,Humans Need Not Apply: A Guide to Wealth and Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence,Yale University Press, 2015;
Kareem Ayoub and Kenneth Payne , Strategy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence ,The Journal of Strategic Studies,Vol. 39, No. 5- 6,2016,pp. 793- 819;
Vincent Boulanin and Maaike Verbruggen,Mapping the Development of Autonomy in Weapon Systems,Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2017;