PDF《of焖ood Allergy》

21 confirmatory physician diagnosis by serum specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) test- ing, skin prick testing (SPT), or oral food challenge (OFC). 2.2.1? Prevalence Based on our primary research survey (Table?2.1), 8% of U.S. children were found to have food allergy. Thirty-four percent of these children, or approximately 2.5% of the total population, were allergic to more than one food and were therefore at an increased risk of severe reaction. Additionally, 3.1% of all children and 39% of food-allergic children were found to have severe food allergy, defined as a history of at least one reaction of one or more of the following symptoms: anaphylaxis, hypo- tension, trouble breathing, or wheezing. Males were significantly more likely than females to have severe allergies. There were no significant differences between genders in the frequencies of convincing allergy or confirmed allergy. 2.2.1.1? Prevalence by Age The overall prevalence of food allergy varied significantly by age and was highest among children 3C5?years old (9.2%) (Table?2.1). Significant variance in prevalence according to age was observed for peanut, shellfish, tree nut, wheat, and egg allergy. Adolescents were at significantly higher risk for severe allergic reactions than were children aged 0C2 (odds ratio [OR]?=?2.1). The odds of having a confirmed food allergy did not vary significantly with age (Gupta et?al. 2011). 2.2.1.2? Prevalence by Allergen Peanut was the most common food allergen, with 2% of all children and of 25% of food-allergic children in this survey allergic to peanuts. This estimate is two times higher than that made by a Canadian study (Ben-Shoshan et?al. 2010). The preva- lence of fin fish allergy (0.5%), was also higher than the previously reported 0.3% of children and adults (Ben-Shoshan et?al. 2010). The prevalence of other common food allergens assessed in this survey was consistent with previous findings (Gupta et?al. 2011). Severe reactions were most common among children with tree nut, peanut, shellfish, soy, and fin fish allergies (Gupta et?al. 2011). 2.2.1.3? Prevalence by Race/Ethnicity African American and Asian children were significantly more likely than White children to have food allergies (OR?=?1.8 and 1.4, respectively) but less likely to have physician-confirmed diagnoses (OR? =? 0.8 and 0.7, respectively). Hispanic children were also significantly less likely than White children to have physician-? confirmed allergies (OR?=?0.8) (Gupta et?al. 2011). 2? A Review of?the?Distribution and?Costs of?Food Allergy

22 Table 2.1 ? Prevalence of common food allergies according to age group Age group Frequency, % (95% CI) All allergens ( N ?=?3339) Peanut ( N ?=?767) Milk ( N ?=?702) Shellfish ( N ?=?509) Tree Nut ( N ?=?430) Egg ( N ?=?304) Fin Fish ( N ?=?188) Strawberry ( N ?=?189) Wheat ( N ?=?170) Soy ( N ?=?162) Prevalence among all children surveyed All ages ( N ?=?38 480) 8.0 (7.7C8.3) 2.0 (1.8C2.2) 1.7 (1.5C1.8) 1.4 (1.2C1.5) 1.0 (0.9C1.2) 0.8 (0.7C0.9) 0.5 (0.4C0.6) 0.4 (0.4C0.5) 0.4 (0.3C0.5) 0.4 (0.3C0.4) 0C2?years ( n ?=?5429) 6.3 (5.6C7.0) 1.4 (1.1C1.8) 2.0 (1.6C2.4) 0.5 (0.3C0.8) 0.2 (0.2C0.5) 1.0 (0.7C1.3) 0.3 (0.1C0.4) 0.5 (0.3C0.7) 0.3 (0.1C0.5) 0.3 (0.2C0.4) 3C5?years ( n ?=?5910) 9.2 (8.3C10.1) 2.8 (2.3C3.4) 2.0 (1.7C2.5) 1.2 (0.8C1.6) 1.3 (1.0C1.7) 1.3 (0.9C1.7) 0.5 (0.3C0.8) 0.5 (0.3C0.8) 0.5 (0.3C0.7) 0.5 (0.3C0.7) 6C10?years ( n ?=?9911) 7.6 (7.0C8.2) 1.9 (1.6C2.3) 1.5 (1.2C1.8) 1.3 (1.1C1.6) 1.1 (0.87C1.4) 0.8 (0.6C1,1) 0.5 (0.3C0.7) 0.4 (0.3C0.5) 0.4 (0.3C0.5) 0.3 (0.2C0.5) 11C13?years ( n ?=?6716) 8.2 (7.4C9.0) 2.3 (1.9C2.8) 1.4 (1.1C1.8) 1.7 (1.3C2.1) 1.2 (1.0C1.6) 0........