PDF《Automotive Fuel》

Automotive Fuel Oxygenate Issues 机动车燃料增氧剂问题 U.

S. Grains Council December

2016 美国谷物协会 2016年12月James Patrick O'

Brien 詹姆斯?帕特里克?奥布雷恩 ? 1983-2003 Manager, Office of Chemical Safety

1983 C

2003 经理, 化学品安全办公室 Office of Emergency Management 紧急情况处理办公室 Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 伊利诺伊州环境保护署 State of Illinois 伊利诺伊州 ? 2003-now Consultant, D &

E Technical Inc.

2003 C 至今 顾问, D &

E 技术有限公司 Clients/Grantor: 客户/出资人: -American Petroleum Institute - 美国石油学会 -Chemical Materials Activity, US Army -美国陆军化学材料项目组 -Federal Emergency Management Agency - 联邦紧急事务管理署 -National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences -国家环境健康科学研究所 Why Use Oxygenates ? 为何使用增氧剂? ? More complete combustion to CO2 and water because oxygen is part of the fuel. 氧气助燃使燃烧更加充分,产生二氧化碳和水 ? Complete combustion reduces carbon monoxide (CO) and ground-level ozone (O3) 充分燃烧减少了一氧化碳(CO)和地表臭氧(O3)的产生 ? Examples of oxygenates are: 增氧剂包括: ? Ethanol 乙醇 ? Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) 甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE) ? Ethyl tert-Butyl ether (ETBE) 乙基叔丁醚(ETBE) ? Tertiary Amyl Methyl Ether (TAME) 三戊甲基醚(TAME) ? Tertiary Butyl Alcohol (TBA) 叔丁醇(TBA) Oxygenate Mandate in the United States 氧化添加剂在美国的强制使用 ? Since

1992 fuel with 2.7% oxygen required during cold months in cities with high carbon monoxide. 1992年以来,一氧化碳排放较高的城市被要求寒冷月份应在 燃油中添加2.7%的增氧剂. ? From

1995 to

2005 Reformulated Gasoline with at least 2% oxygen required in cities with high ground-level ozone. 从1995年到2005年,地表臭氧浓度较高的城市被要求使用至 少添加了2%增氧剂的新配方汽油. ? Ethanol was the oxygenate of choice in the Midwest, but MTBE was used in most other areas for economic reasons and its blending characteristics. 中西部地区选择乙醇作为增氧剂,但多数其他地区使用甲基叔 丁基醚(MTBE),主要是出于经济原因以及其良好混配性的考 虑. 美国各地汽油使用要求 Renewable Fuels Standard in the US 美国可再生燃料标准 ? A volume requirement for renewable fuels established. 确立了可再生燃料使用量的要求 ? Automobile engine technology improved combustion efficiency. 汽车发动机技术发展提高了燃烧效率 ? Oxygenate requirements removed for reformulated gasoline in 2006. 2006年去除了新配方汽油的增氧剂要求 ? However, MTBE producers denied liability protection for any harm done by MTBE use in fuel. 不过,甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)生产商拒绝为在燃油中使用 MTBE产生的任何危害承担责任. MTBE Problems MTBE的问题 ? Vapor has a sharp and disagreeable odor when fuelling vehicles. 为车辆加油时散发的汽体有刺鼻的异味. ? Many consumer complaints. 许多消费者对此有所抱怨. ? Spills of MTBE persist in groundwater. MTBE泼洒后会在地下水中持续存在 ? Not easily treated. 不易处理 ? More persistent than other gasoline components like BETX. 与其他汽油成分如BETX(苯系物)相比更不易清除 ? Disagreeable taste at very low concentrations. 即使浓度极低亦有难闻气味 Use of MTBE in the U.S. has been replaced by Ethanol 在美国MTBE在使用中已被乙醇替代 ? USEPA (Environmental Protection Agency) policy since