PDF《Automotive Fuel》

2000 to phase out MTBE use entirely. 美国环境保护署的政策从2000年开始分阶段完全淘汰 MTBE的使用. ? State of California and New York banned MTBE in 2004, which was 40% of prior MYBE consumption.

25 States had banned it by 2005. 2004年加利福尼亚州和纽约州禁用了MTBE,这两个州 此前占总消费量的40%.到2005年25个州禁用了MTBE. ? Almost no MTBE is now used in the United States. 现在MTBE几乎已在全美国停用. Oxygenate Anti-knock and Octane Properties 增氧剂的抗爆性和辛烷特性 ? In gasoline engines the spark plug ignites the fuel-air mixtures at the ideal time. 在汽油发动机中火花塞在恰当的时间点燃油气混合物 ? Engine knock occurs when some of the fuel explodes early due to temperature, pressure and fuel properties. 当燃料因为温度、压力和燃料特性提前点燃,就会发生发动 机爆震 ? Knock causes locally high pressure in the engine cylinder and may damage the engine. 爆震会导致发动机汽缸局部高压,可能会损坏发动机. ? Octane rating is a measure of the performance of a fuel in high compression gasoline engines. 辛烷值是衡量燃料在高压缩比汽油发动机中性能的一个指标 Alkyl Lead 烷基铅 ? From the 1920s to the mid-1970s alkyl lead compounds like tetraethyl lead were used to prevent knock and increase octane ratings. 从20世纪20年代到70年代中期,烷基铅,如四乙基铅,被用 于防止爆燃和提高辛烷值. ? USEPA policy win

1979 was to phase out lead in fuel due to its neurotoxicity. 美国环境保护署在1979年争取到将燃油中的铅逐步淘汰,因 为铅具有神经毒性. ? Lead was banned in fuel in the U.S. in 1995. 美国于1995年禁止在燃料中添加铅. ? Alkyl lead in fuel also damaged catalytic converters required on U.S. cars in 1975, resulting a phase out before the

1995 ban. 燃油中的烷基铅还会损害美国汽车按1975年规定安装的催化 转化器,因此在1995年禁令之前已开始被逐步淘汰. MTBE as Anti-Knock 作为抗爆剂的MTBE ? Used in fuels starting in

1979 at 3-7% by volume. 从1979年开始用于燃料,添加量为3 -7%. ? Cost less than ethanol and has good fuel blending properties. 成本低于乙醇,混配性较好. ? In the U.S., tax incentives for renewable fuels have made grain-based ethanol less expensive than MTBE, ETBE, TAME or TBA 在美国,可再生燃料的税收激励使谷物乙醇比 MTBE,ETBE,TAME或TBA更经济. Octane Rating 辛烷值 ? Engines designed for higher octane fuels are more efficient in using energy. 设计使用高辛烷值燃料的发动机能源利用的效率更高. ? Adding either Ethanol or MTBE raises the octane rating of regular gasoline. 添加乙醇或MTBE能提高普通汽油的辛烷值. Gasoline 汽油 Ethanol 乙醇 MTBE Blending RON 混合研究法辛烷值 90-100 108-115 116-120 Blending MON 混合马达法辛烷值 81-90 90-112 100-104 Other Properties of Fuel Additives 燃料添加剂的其他特性 Volatility 挥发性 ? Lower volatiles mean less air pollution. 挥发性低意味着更少空气污染 ? Ethanol and MTBE form azeotropes with gasoline resulting in higher volatility fuel blend at lower concentrations. 乙醇和MTBE与汽油生成共沸,导 致在低浓度情况下混合燃料挥发 性提高 ? Gasoline for blending must have lower volatility to compensate. 作为补偿,用于混配的汽油必须 具有低挥发性. Furey

1985 Oxygen content 含氧量 ? Ethanol 35% 乙醇35%. ? MTBE 18% MTBE18%. Water Solubility 水溶性 ? MTBE has negligible bulk water solubility and can be blended into fuels at existing refineries and moved through existing bare metal piping. MTBE在大容量水中溶解度较低,可忽略不计,可在现有的精 炼厂与燃油混合,并可在现用裸金属管中流动. ? Ethanol will dissolve any water it contacts which can lead to corrosion problems in bare metal tanks and piping. 乙醇会溶于其接触到的任何水体,因此在裸金属罐和管道中会 产生腐蚀问题. ? Ethanol is usually splash blended at the final fuel terminal into the delivery trucks which have lined tanks. Retail tanks are usually have fiberglass liners and non- metal hoses not susceptible to corrosion. 乙醇通常以在销售终端向有内胆的油罐车内倾倒的方式掺入燃 油.零售油罐通常配有玻璃纤维内胆和非金属软管,不易产生 腐蚀问题. Comparative Toxicity of MTBE and Ethanol MTBE和乙醇的毒性对比 ? Acute toxicity is low for both 两种物质的急性毒性均较低 ? Ethanol LD50