PPT《第十六章》

that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case. Marx discovered the law of development of human history just as the simple fact (方式状语从句) production that (同位语从句) degree in the light of which (定语从句) before (时间状语从句) upon which (定语从句) as(定语从句)) instead of vice versa (插入成分作状语) that (同位语从句) 【译文】正像达尔文发现有机界的规律一样,马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律,即历来被繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实:人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿,然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等活动;

所以,直接的物质生活资料的生产和一个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展程度,便构成为基础,人们的国家制度,法律的概念,艺术以至宗教概念,就是从这个基础上发展起来的,因而,也必须由这个基础来解释,而不像过去那样做得正好相反. 小节结束 并列成分穿插纵横, 连环套接,难解难分.有并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语、并列定语、并列状语等.有时状语连状语、定语连定语,并列迭出,中间又穿插各种短语:介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、形容词短语等. 16.1.2 并列复合穿插 例1: What do we mean when we say that water is a liquid, air is a gas, and salt is a solid?What do we mean when we say…时间状语从句)that water that) air that) solid 宾语从句) (宾语从句) (宾语从句)? 【译文】我们说水是液体,空气是气体,盐是固体,我们指的是什么意思呢? 例2:And he knew how ashamed he would have been if his girl friend had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.He knew how (宾语从句)If his girl friend had known (条件状语从句)his mother the kind of place the kind of people in which (定语从句)among the(定语从句))【译文】他生活在这类人中间,出生在这样的地方,又有这样的母亲,这一切要是让女朋友知道了的话,他明白会有多么丢人. Though our knowledge be limited to our ideas, and cannot exceed them either in extent or perfection;

and though these be very narrow bounds in respect of the extent of all Beings, and far short of what we may justly imagine to be in some even created understandings not tied down to the dull and narrow information that is to be received from some few and not very acute ways of perception, such as are our senses;

yet it would be well with us if our knowledge were but as large as our ideas, and there were not many doubts and inquiries concerning the ideas we have, whereof we are not, nor I believe ever shall be in this world, resolved. (John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding) 例3: such as are our sense;

yet it would be well with us … (并列句) if Though though (名词性从句) what… (that)we have resolved (定语从句) Whereof(插入语) that and(if) (定语从句) 让步状语从句 (虚拟条件状语从句) 并列让步状语从句 (并列虚拟条件状语从句) 【解析】 【译文】虽然,我们的知识局限于我们的观念,而且在范围和完善程度上都不能超越;